Logical Determinacy versus Logical Contingency. The Case of Łukasiewicz’s Three-valued Logic

Classification of three-valued logical functions preserving 0

(0, 1,2}. The set of three-valued logical functions (i.e., f: E” --t E for n=l,2,... ) is denoted by P3. A subset F of P3 is said to be closed if it contains all superpositions (i.e., compositions or substitutions) of its members (cf. [l, 1 l-131). For closed sets F and H such that FC H (proper inclusion), F is an H-maxima/ set if FC G c H for no closed set G. A subset F of H is complete in H i...

Plantinga and the Logical Problem of Evil

Metaphysics of Logical Realism

با اینکه اغلب به غلط تصور می­شود که فلسفۀ تحلیلی، به عنوان یک جنبش ضد-متافیزیکی، هیچ ارتباطی با متافیزیک ندارد، اما دلایل خوبی وجود دارند که بر اساس آن می­توان تمایلات متافیزیکی فیلسوفان تحلیلی را تصدیق نمود و متعاقباً ماهیت ضد-متافیزیکی فلسفه تحلیلی را در تمام مراحل شکل­گیری­اش به حداقل رساند. چون فلسفه تحلیلی یک جنبش تاریخی است که ماهیت اصلی آن در چند مرحله شکل یافته است، لذا با پیگیری این مرا...

Agents Learning in a Three-Valued Logical Setting

We show that the adoption of a three-valued setting for inductive concept learning is particularly useful for learning in single and multiple agent systems. Distinguishing between what is true, what is false and what is unknown can be useful in situations where decisions have to be taken on the basis of scarce information. Such situation occurs, for example, when an agent incrementally gathers ...

An Interpretable Logical Theory: The case of Compensatory Fuzzy Logic

This paper aims to formally define a concept of interpretability according to natural language of a logical theory, and show advances for demonstrating that the logic system called Compensatory Fuzzy Logic is interpretable. A logical theory is interpretable according to natural language if the calculus based upon the elements of this logical theory can be understood in natural language and vice...